Sterilization of liquids.



WI. VON RECKLINGHAUSEN, A; HELBRONNER & V. HENRI.

STERILIZATION 0F LIQUIDS.

APPglcATloN FILED Dic. 21. m2.

Patented Aug. 29,1916.

8 SHEETS-SHEET l.

MWM

IVI. VON ECKLINGHAUSEN, A. HELBHONNER & V. HENRI.

STERILIZATION 0F LIQUIDS. APPLICATION FILED DEC. 21. 1912.

Patented Aug. 29, 1916.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

IVI

STERILIZATION 0F LIQUIDS.

vAPPLICATION FILED DEc.2x, 1912.

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Patented Aug. 29, 1916.

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5&1 e566@ f II/Il VON RECKLINHAUSEN, A. HELBRONNER 6L V. HENRI.

STERILIZATION 0F LIOUIDS. APPLICATION FILED DEC. 2l, 1912.

I I @6AM Patented. Aug. 29, 1916.

8 SHEETSSHEET`4.

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42 ZW@ @we S865 Zz-zz/@zg @om M. VGN RECKLLNGHAUSEN, A. HELBRONNR &:V. HENRI.

sEmLlz/moN oF LlQums.

APPVLICATION FILED'DEC. 21.1912. v

Patented Aug. 29,1916.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 5- Www IVI. VON RECKLINGHAUSEN', A. HELBRONNER & V. HENRI. STERILIZATION 0F LIQUIDS.

APPLlcAxoN FILED 050.21, 1912.

Patented Aug. 29,1916.

B SHEETS-fSHEET .6-

IVI. VON RECKLINGHAUSEN, A. HELBRONNER (IL V. HENRI.

STERILIZATION 0F LIQUIDSMl APPLICATIQNr mm Dec. 21, ma

Patented Aug. 29, 1916.

SHEETS-SHEET 7.'

F1 20 9 f Q ma IIII IVI'. VONRECKLINGHA'USEN, A. HELBRO'NNER & V. HENRI. Y STERILIZATION 0F Lloulns.

APPLICATION FILED DEC.2I, I9'I2.

8 SHEETS-SHEET 8- Patenfed Aug. 29, 1916.

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Max vom nncKLINGHAUsEN, Annan' nnLBnoNNEn, AND micron HENRI, or rams, rnaNcn, assIeNons, BY MnsNE ASSIGNMENTS, Tori-In n. U. V. COMPANY, INC.,

A CORPORATION NEW(YORK.

STERILIZATION OF LIQUID.q

lhtwlALdll.

...Application led December 21, 12112.- Serial No. 738,069.

To all whom t may concern: I

lje it known that we, MAX VON'RECKLING- HAUSEN, a subject of the Emperor of Germany,vand ANDR HELBRONNER and VICTOR HENRI, citizens of the Republic of France, all residing at 73 BoulevardA Haussmann, Faris, France, have invented new and useful llmprovements in the Sterilization of Liquids,.of which the following is a specification. j

rFhis invention relates to the sterilization, involving the' employment of a source of ultra-Violet rays, of fluids in large quantities such as are usually required in the sterilization of; watoer, and has for its object to provide improved apparatus for effecting 'such sterilization. j

The primayobject of the invention is to provide an improved apparatus :tor submitting the fluid tobe treated tothe action. of the rays.

lt will be understood that the construction of the apparatus is at present consid- .ered as embodying the best :form'of the in- Vention; however, the apparatus in so far as it relates to the processes employed is lby no means limitedto rthe particular details herein described. t.

The vapor electricdeviee or lamp per se 1s not claimed in they present'application butforms the subject matterof a divisional. ap-

plication serially numbered 40,0361tiled July ln the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 is a plan view of a simple form of mercury vapor lamp adapted to be employed in connection with the present invention, Fig. 2 being a sectional view in side elevation 'of the lamp shown in Fig. 1. y, Figs. 3 and 4 are views in section illustrating a preferred arrangement of cooling device forOuse when the lamp is employed for sterilizing purposes. Fig. 5 is a plan view illustrating a modilication in the arrangement of the terminals ofthe lamp shown in the/preceding vigures, Figs. 6 and 7 illustrating further modificationsindetail. Figs. 8 .andV 9 are sectional views showing the lamp in position in .simple forms of sterilizing apparatus, Fig. 10 being a plan viewv of the apparatus shown in Fig. 9. Figs. 11 and 12 are views in sectional elevation and plan respectively of a modified -form of sterilizing apparatus somewhat similar to that shown in Figs. 9 and 10. Fig. 18 is a View insectional elevation illustrating a sterilizing apparatus of large capacity, Figs. lll and 15 illustrating further details of the same apparatus. Fig.

(16 is -aview in sectional. side elevation illus- .a trating a different type 'ofsterilizing apparatus adapted for dealing with large quantities of liquid, Figs. 17, 18 and 19 being detail views illustrating the arrangement of the baliie plates within the apparatusy of F ig.- 16. Fig. 20 is a.view`in sectional ele- 65 vation showing a complete `sterilizing installation embodying a number of separate sterilizing chambers,'Fig. 21 being a plan view of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 20. Fig. 22 illustrates diagrammatically a modified arrangement of an apparatus employing a number of lamps for sterilizing purposes. Fig. 23 is a cross-section of a simple form of `packing which may be employed in order to avoid subjecting the?. quartz envelo teun-- due pressure at the Esame time eiidcting a tight joint between the interior of the container and the atmosphere, Fig. 24: illustrating a modification. v

V 1n a mercury .vapor'lamp the container of which is'of a given length and diameter and consumes a given constant amount of electrical energy, there exists a definite relation between the quantity of luminous radiation and the quantity of ultra-violet rays emitted by the lamp. If, however, the form of the container be altered so that` instead of Y being cylindrical with a rectilinear axis the lamp tube is curbed into the form of a U so as to constitute two arms closely adjacent to one another, it is found that the electrical conditions being unchanged the quantity of ultra-violet radiation emitted becomes considerably greater. This phenomenon is probably due to the fact that the two arms of the lamp'tube re-act..upon one another so as -to cause a large quantity of heat to be exchanged lxitween` the two by radiation. The U shaped form of container above referred -to is,obviously not the only form `which may be employed in order to .produce this \increased amount of ultra-Violet rays, but in all cases the several portions of the-r lamp tube must belocated sufficiently near together so that an exchange of heat between these portions may occur to afsuta cient extent to produce the desired increase in the amount of ultra-violet rayseniitted.

. A further'improvement consists in impressing on the terminals of the lamp a minimum lvoltage of from 400 to 500 volts, as it has been observed that the increase in the the lamp. As an example it may be men-.

tioned that. a lamp constructed and operating in accordance with the two conditions above stated, namely, the arrangement ofl the lamp tube in the form of a U and by impressing a high Voltage upon the terminals thereof when operated at a voltage of approximately 400 volts with a current of ythree amperes, is found to have a bactericidal activity eleven times greater than a mercury vapor lamphaving a straight 1conktainer operated at 150 volts and three aniperes, thev voltage per centimeter length ofthe-lamp tube being: the same in each case. A lamp of this kind is found to be particularly suitable for u'se in sterilizing apparatussince the two electrodes of the lamp being located adjacent to one another enable the sterilizing apparatus to be constructed and arranged in 'a very-simple and efficient manner, and various forms of construction'of a lamp .of this kind for the steriexample in the figures' of the lization of fluids are illustrated by way of drawings.

Referring now to Figs. 1 to 5, the mercury vapor lamp 1 is illustrated as comprising a quartz `tube ofv U shape, the two arms of which, 2, 3, are located closely adjacent'to one another and very nearly i-n contact.'v

The internal form of the lamp 1 is such as to provide a restricted portion i adjacent to the negative electrode, while the lamp tube is attened as indicated at '5 adjacent to the positive electrode. Between the portions 4 and 5 of the lamp piston members 67, are provided between which are located fragments of broken glass 8, the conductors :torl supplying .current to the-lamp entering through openings 9 into tubular extensions 10 connected to the lower portions ofjthe arms 2 and 3 in which are located the mercuryelectrodes. In-tliis as in other forms of mercury. vapor lamps, iti' is necessarythat the. electrodes should be cooled to a certain extent, this cooling being usually effected by lateral tubular extensions or chambersto Which the lighting tube of the lamp is connected. In the improved lamp as illustrated in the drawings, however, the electrodesare surrounded by sheets of thin aluminium, as indicated at 11, wings or vanes 12 surrounding the sheets 11 being provided, so arranged| as to be as intimately recting a portion of the liquid rior of the sterilizer upon any suitable portube and the terminals,

. above the other,

terior of the quartz tubes or chambers of the sterilizing apparatus.

A copper clamp indicated at 13 is provided which either surrounds each electrode separately or, as

Ashown in Fig. 4, surrounds both of the electrodes and serves to maintain the aluminium sheets l1 in position and to securel the wings or vanes 12 thereto.

The portions of the lamp tube containing the electrodes need not vnecessarily be arranged parallel to one another but may, as shown in'Fig. 1, be arranged at right-angles to the lighting tn be or at/ any other suitable angle, as shown in Eig. 5. It is preferable, however, that the angle formed by the portion ofthe lighting tube containing the electrode relative to the lighting tube itself, should be greater than a right angle in order to permit the lighting tube to be inserted into the sterilizing apparatus, so as to utilize to the fullv extentv the rays emitted from the lamp.

The cooling'of the electrodes can be obtained by other means than the wings or vanes illustrated.; for example, the elec,- trodes can be arranged to be cooled by d1- tion'of the electrodes, or, if it is desired to avoid the formation of rust, a circulation of distilled water 0r other suitable liquid may be provided for coolingthe electrodes and which is itself cooled by air or inv any other similar and suitable manner.

'The starting into operation of a lamp having al); Ishaped tube of considerable `length' requires a somewhat complicated operation, which consists of the following s'tages':-1. Removing the lamp from the -steriliz'ing apparatus. 2. Tiltingthe lamp upward about an axis at right-angles to the lighting tube This latter movement serves to start-thel lamp into operation but leaves too large a quantity of mercury von the negative electrode side of the lamp. 7 It is therefore necessary to tilt the lamp again about an axis parallel to that of the luminoustube and -at the same time about anvaxis at r'iglitangles to that of the lighting tube, in order to -transfer the excess of mercury from the negative electrode toi the positive electrode. It is found, however, in practice that with vU shaped lamps operating at low voltage which can be started into operation without the movement of -any considerable amount of mercury, that startin can be effected by tilting about a single axis, that' is to say, an axis parallel to. that of the lighting tube, the tube being tilted until one arm 1s slightly so that the mercury forms in the intemaaier a continuous' stream between'the twoelectrodes, whereupon the lamp is returned to its normal position. llt is found that the opyerating life of these lamps can be considerably increased by providing-arrangements intended to determine to) some extent the path of the luminous arc, devices of this kind being illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7.` 1t has been observed that the luminous arc naturally tends to take the shortest path from one electrode to the other and it neces-- 'sarily follows that with a lighting tube of U shape the luminous-arc instead of tending to traverse the middle of the tube as in the case of a straight lighting tube, tends to approach that side of the curved portion of the lighting tube which is adjacent to the center of curvature, following in fact'the .line indicated at 14 in Fig. 6. rlFhe inner face of the lighting tube is thus exposed by reason of the extremely high temperature of the luminous arc, to much more rapid deterioration than the other portions of the tube and the corrosion thus eected 1s found V after the expiration of a certain time, t cause the wall of the vlighting tube at this point to become somewhat porous and permit the entrance of air, thus rendering the lamp inoperative due to the vacuum being impaired. rlhis disadvantage is' obviated by the arrangement shown in Fig. 6 in' :which'the deterioration of this portion of the lighting tube and-the injurious e'ect due to such deterioration is'prevented by making.

that portion 15 of the lighting tube of considerably increased thickness, 'as shown in'. Itheligure'.

rlFhe quartz wall being thickcned at this point can readily resist without injury the action ofthe high temperature of the luminous arc.

" VA modified arrangement for the same purpose is illustrated in-Fig. 7 in vwhich in order to maintain the luminous arc away.

from the wall 15 of the lighting tube any' suitable number of projections 16 are'provided; the dotted line indicated atl/1 illustrates howthe luminous arc is kept at a certain" distance away from the wall of .the

the lamps of the form above described to various types of sterilizing apparatus. The

'latter comprises a casing 17, the interior of which is provgiied with baffle plates 18a tubular chamberV 19 of quartz or other suit- Figs'. l8 to 15 illustrate the application of.

able material'being arranged at the center l of the5 chamber Within which. a mercury l vapor lamp 1, constructed as above described, is located. The bame plates 18 are disposed in such a manner that no portion 70 of the ap aratus is shaded thereby from the action ofp the rays emitted by the lamp, these baille plates serving to secure an energetic agitation of the liquid, which is neces-l sary for eHec-tive sterilization. portion'nfy the .apparatus is shaded by the battle plates' it is impossible for colonies .of bacteria tobecome'established in any portion of the apparatuslso astoreinfet the water or other liquid during the sterilizing process. x80

The liquid'to be' sterilized is arranged to be introduced into the apparatus through a pipe 20 arranged tangentially, the `outlet pipe 21 being arrangedeither at the axis of the sterillzing apparatus, as shown in 85 FigsuS, 9 and 10 or on one side thereof as in the a paratus shown in/Figssll, 12, 13, and

141. n certain forms of the apparatus (for instance, Figs. 11 and 12) a sluice gate 22 permits the inlet of li uid to be more or less/ 90 retarded -so that thea mission of liquid can be varied in accordance with the degree of transparency of the liquid or the-output which is desired.

In the apparatus shown in Figs. 13, 14 e5 and 15, each ofthe baiHe. plates carried by the casing 17 is constructed in two parts and comprises `a fixed baflleplate 23 rigidly attached to the-casing," and a movable baffle plate 24 carried'bya rod which passes .100

through a stuffing box 25` so as to permit the movable bame plate 24vtojloe'` moved toward or away from the center of-tjheg'apparatus in such a manner as to varytliefcross section Vof 4the passage for the How of liquid. v lnlthis' 105.

apparatus the,` liquid is given .a simple zigzag lmovement surrounding the lamp and traverses the apparatus around its axis.

Referring now to' Fig. la it will be seen that the sterilizing`chamberfl17 is connected 110 by a conduit 26 to a structure 27 on which are mounted the valves 28,' 37 controlling the inlet and outlet of the liquid. A partition 29 separates the structure 27 and the -conduit 26 into two parts which can only ,115

communicate with one another through the 1 sterilizing chamber 17 in such a mannerl that the liquid can only pass from the inlet valve to the outlet valve after having traversed the sterilizin apparatus. 28 is mounte upon the extremity of an operating lever 30 which is.pivotally mounted at 31 and the other extremity of'which car;`

ries a soft iron armature 32. The lever 30(v is provided with a pin 33 adapted to be 125? securd by a set screw at any desired part of a slotted quadrant 34 so as to enable the extent of openin of the valve 28 to be adjusted as desired.

In Fig.'14 the control lever 30 is illus- 130 Since no A |llhe inlet valve trated as located in its two extreme positions namely as indicated in dotted lines in its shut position and as indicated in dot and dash lines in the position of maximum opening of the valve. The controlling lever" is automatically maintained in its open position by `means of lthe attraction exerted by an electro-magnet x upon the armature 32.

The-valve 28 is provided with a by-pass 36 so as to enable the valve to be readily opened even when the pressure on the exterior surface is high, the liquid entering through the by-pass 36 and equalizing the pressures. on the two faces of the valve 28 which can then be readily operated. The outlet valve 37 is arranged in a similar manner being located at one end of a lever 38 .pivoted at 39, this lever being engaged by the lever 30 in any' convenient manner, as for mstance by means of a tached to the main operating lever.

At the base of the structure 27 a dischargevalve 41 is located carried by'a pivoted lever 42,-the latter of which is connected by means of a chain 43 to the lever 38.

Located on each side ofthe apparatus is a casing 44 in the interior of which rails 45 are arranged, upon which runs a smallv carrlage 46 upon which the lamp is supported by means of a suitable supporting .stirrup 4 in such a manner as to permit of the lamp being withdrawnl from the tubular chamber of the sterilizing apparatus and tilted for starting'purposes.

The operation of the apparatus is as follows The lamp orlamps are first started into voperation by tilting in the usual manner as for instance by displacing the lamp and the small carriage supporting it yas above described, the lamps being afterward returned to their normal position within the tubular chamber 19. The valves 28 and 37 being assumed to be closed and the valve 41 consequently open, the valve 28 is opened to a suitable extent by means of the lever 30. The valve 28 is maintained open by the attraction of the electro-magnet 35 as soon as the latter is energized by the passage of current through the lamp. The liquid to be sterilized at first leaves the apparatus by means of the valve 41, the outlet valve37 being then opened to an equal extent,the lever 38 being operated by means of the connection 40 between this lever and the. lever 30. The circulation of the liquid within the apparatus is then adjusted by means of the movable bailes 23, the liquid being caused to approachv and recede from the lamp 1 while passing around the baffles 18, 23 and 24, the sterilizing liquid leaving the appay ratus by means ofthe outlet valve 37. lVhen it is desired to discontinue the sterilizing operation it is only necessary to interrupt the current circuit of the lamp, whereupon the valve 28 falls under its own weight pin 40 at-u outer surface of which is adapted to engagel with the fixed baflies 18. If desired, more than one electro-magnet may be provided, each of which can be operated by the current traversing a separate lamp where a number of these are employed, the electromagnets being arranged to be insufficiently powerful to maintain the valves open if one or more of the lamps is extinguished. Furthermore if desired the tubular lamp chamber may be omitted and the lamp operated directly in contact withthe liquid to be sterilized.

The apparatus above described may be either constructed of cast or stamped or embossed metal, the interior surface of the casing being preferably plated with tin.

It will now be apparent that an arrangement of th-isdescription materially simplifies the operation of the apparatus as a whole, inasmuch as failure on the part of the lamp either intentionally'or otherwise automatically cuts off the' supply of fluid to the sterilizing chamber and also permits the partly sterilized fluid whichV has passed Athrough the chamber to escape to waste.

It will be understood, however, that various other devices may be substituted for those described with reference to these figures operating on the same general principles.

AReferrmg now to' Fig. 16 of the drawings, the sterilizing chamber 17 is shown as divided into a number of compartments by .means of conical diaphragms 48 and 49 which,are-provided wlth openings 50, 51 as will be clearly seen from an inspection of Figs. 17, 18 and 19- in order to insure the liquid entering the sterilizing chamber through the inlet passage 2O followlng a tortuous path prior to its exit from the outlet passage 21.. The lamp 1, which 1s sur,- rounded by a quartz lamp chamber 19 as described with reference to the preceding figures, is supported upon a traveling carrier 46 so supported upon a rail or rails 45 that a displacement of the lamp can be readlly effected in order to start ,the lamp into operation. The quartz l-amp chamber 19 may be secured in the end piece 52 of the sterilizing chamber by means of a joint such as that illustrated in Figs. 23 or 24, so designed asto prevent the quartz chamber inseam The packing illustrated in rig. 23 @0mprises a soft ring 53 of rubber or other rsuitable material interposed between the conical surface formed in the end piece 52'of the sterilizing chamber and the inwardly projecting Hange of a packing ring 54 secured to the end piece 52 by means of suitable securing bolts 55.

vln the arrangement described in Fig. 24 the'edge of the quartz lamp chamber is supported by the packing ring 54, .being arranged to pro-ject within a slot formed therein and provided with a suitable packing ring 56, an additional packing ring 54e1 being interposed between the packing ring 54 and the outer surface of the end piece 52 as clearly indicated in this figure. The opposite end of the quartz lamp chamber is supported by means of a bracket 57 attached to a rod 58, the outer end of which projects through a glass plate 59 constituting a win dow at that end of the sterilizing chamber and suitably secured to the body portion of the chamber by means of bolts 60 thereby permitting a ready inspection of the interior of the sterilizing chamber. An additional Window 61 is also provided at the top of the sterilizing chamber, this window in this instance being composed of quartz for the purpose of enabling photometer measurements to be taken. As will be apparent from an examinationof this figure study ing the How of liquid through the sterilizing chamber as indicated by the arrow 62, the liquid in passing from one compartment to the other, the compartments as above eX- plained being constituted by the space between the diaphragms 48 and l9,is caused to lchange its direction of dow, the liquid befrom a receptacle common to all of said ing nearer to the lamp in certain portions of its path than in other portions. This' arrangement in the case of large sterilizing systemsl provides a particularly suitable construction although it will be understood that any other arrangement of baffling members may be provided in place of those referred to.

Referring now to Figs. 20 and 21, in

' which a number of sterilizing chambers are employedpfor treating the liquid supplied chambers, the main receptacle is shown at 82' connected to the interior of three sterilizing chambers 83, 8f4 and 85, the outlet passages 86, 87 and 88 respectively leading to a main tank or cistern 89. The supply of liquid to the interior of the sterilizing chambers 83, 84C and 85 is controlled by a valve 67 located in a-vertical conduit 90 leading to the receptacle 82. 'lhe valve 67 is provided with a stem 91. The position of the valve is controlled by an electro-magnet 92 which operates in conjunction with a counterweight 93, the electro-magnet when enerf gized holding the valve 67 openand when denergized permitting the Valve 67 to close by/,its own weight and the pressure of the liquid acting thereon, this occurring whenever the lamp is put out of operation. The vertical conduit 90 is provided with an overflow passage 911 located at the top of this passage so that liquid supplied to the interior of the vertical passage 90 when the valve 67 is closed, flows through the passage 94. The extension of the stem 91 on the underside of the valve 67 is adapted, whenrthe valve 67 is in its closed position, to move a springy pressed valve 95 from its seat thus permitting any liquid remaining in the sterilizing chamber and in the passage 96 connecting the vertical passage 90 there with, to pass to waste when the valve 67 is y closed.v The sterilizing chamberk 83 which contains a quartz lamp container 19 and a,

pose.

Referring now" to Fig. 22, a simple form of sterilizing apparatus suitable for dealing with large quantities of liquid such for instance as a water main, is illustrated, a number of lamps being shown projecting within the interior of the main conduit 100 through which the liquid passes. These lamps may be started into operation by being removed bodily from the pockets 101 into which they project, the rays emitted by the lamps acting upon the water during its passage through the conduit. lf desired a, series of baing members 102 and 103 may be pro-. vided in order to insure the agitation of the water during its passage past the lamps, these ba/ing members being composed for instance of. flat bands or projections suitably attached or formed integral with the conduit 100 interposed between oppositely arranged pairs or sets of lamps and between longitudinally adjacent groups of lamps. In place ofthe flat baffle members Although a number of forms of apparatus l suitable for dealing with liquids in large quantities as above described, and certain 4elementsy `of' the separate constructions are found in practice to be particularly suitable kfor the purpose for which they are intended, it will be seen that the elements described lwith reference to certain of the figuresv are equally applicable in place of or in addition to similar elementsdescribed with reference to certain of the other figures, Consequently it will be understood that a combination of the various elements to. achieve thedesired Aresult may be employed Without exceeding the scope -of the invention which is only regarded as limited by the appended claims. What We claim is zv 1. In a sterilizing apparatus, the-combi nation with a vapor electric lamp, of a sterilizing chamber having within it a tube receiving'bnly the luminous portion, of the lamp which extends into the chamber from one side only.- I

2. In a sterilizing apparatus, the combination witha vapor electric lamp having a narrow luminous portion and enlarged elec-A trode portions, both at one end of the luminous portion, of a sterilizing chamber containing within it only the narrow luminous portion of the lamp and having the enlarged electrode portions thereof located exteriorly. y

3. In a sterilizing apparatus, the combination with a vapor electric lamp having a luminous portion and enlarged non-luminous electrode portions at'one end thereof, of a sterilizing chamber wholly containing the luminous portion of the lamp and having meager the non-luminous enlarged portions ylocated exteriorly thereof.

y 4f. In a sterilizing apparatus, the combination with a vapor electric lamp having a luminous portion and enlarged electrode portions at one end thereof, of a sterilizing chamber having therein a tube containing the luminous portion of the lamp, the electrode portions thereof being located exteriorly of the tube and adjacent to one end thereof.

5. In a sterilizing apparatus,l the combination with a vapor electric lamp having a luminous portion and enlarged non-luminous portions at one end thereof, of a sterilizing chamber having a tube therein open at its outer end, said tube containing the luminous portion of the lamp and having the enlarged non-luminous portions located at a point adjacent but exterior to the'ppen outer end of the tube.

In testimony whereof we have signed our names to this specification in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

MAX vpN RECKLINGHAUSEN.

ANDRE HELBRONNER. VICTOR HENRI.

Witnesses:

GEORGE E. LIGHT, LUoInN MEMMINGER. 

